Bravo {“type”:”elementor”,”siteurl”:”https://union-rationaliste.org/wp-json/”,”elements”:[{“id”:”b88e577″,”elType”:”widget”,”isInner”:false,”isLocked”:false,”settings”:{“editor”:”<p>Brav à énéticienne, directrice de l’unité Génétique et biologie du développement à l’Institut Curie, titulaire de la chaire d’épigénétique au Collège de France, médaille d’or du CNRS et Grand prix de l’Inserm, <strong>Edith Heard</strong> traque avec son équipe les mille et une voies employées par la Nature pour déclencher l’inactivation précoce du chromosome X, un mécanisme indispensable au développement des embryons femelles chez les mammifères.</p>\n<p><strong><span style=\”color: #ec5014;\”>Tapuscrit (traduction)</span></strong></p>\n<p><strong>Edith Heard</strong> – J’ai toujours été fascinée par la manière dont deux chromosomes de la même cellule peuvent avoir tant de différences dans leur comportement et leur expression. J’ai donc entrepris de travailler sur un processus appelé inactivation des chromosomes X, qui n’existe que chez les femelles, normalement ça n’existe pas chez les mâles, quand un des deux chromosomes X est désactivé, au début du développement. Cela conduit à un dosage égal de l’expression des gènes entre mâles et femelles, les mâles ont un seul X, les femelles en ont deux, pour que ce dosage soit équivalent il faut stopper l’un des deux X, c’est l’inactivation du chromosome X, on trouve cela chez différents mammifères, ainsi les humains, les souris, les lapins et éléphants femelles pratiquent l’inactivation du chromosome X. Le mécanisme de désactivation du chromosome X doit être conservé chez les mammifères, parce qu’il est essentiel, si vous n’avez pas cette inactivation du X, vous êtes mort ! Pour les femelles…</p>\n<p>Et depuis de nombreuses années nous nous demandions comment fonctionnait ce processus : vous avez deux chromosomes dans la même soupe de protéines et d’ARN, pourquoi sont-ils traités si différemment, l’un est « on », l’autre est « off » ! Comment est-ce que ça se passe, comment la cellule sait-elle qu’elle a deux chromosomes et qu’il faut en arrêter un ? Comment en arrêter un et garder l’autre en « on » ? Et ce fut ma quête du Graal depuis vingt-six ou vingt-sept ans. Nous avons commencé à travailler sur les souris, pour comprendre le processus, parce qu’en embryologie et en génétique les souris sont un bon modèle, et nous nous sommes aperçus que ce processus était très dynamique dans la phase initiale du développement. Et alors nous nous sommes dit, bon, allons voir un autre mammifère, pour savoir si ça passe de la même manière ou différemment. Nous avons donc cherché chez les lapins, et bon, les lapins et les souris sont censés être assez semblables, assez proches au niveau de l’évolution, et nous nous aperçûmes que chez les lapins il en allait tout autrement. Chez les lapins, les chromosomes X sont d’abord inactivés tous les deux, puis il semble que l’un des deux revienne en « on », alors que chez les souris il ne s’agit que d’inactiver l’un des deux X. Et alors nous avons pensé, bon, ça vaut peut-être mieux d’étudier un autre mammifère, donc nous nous sommes tournés vers les humains ! Et les humains sont censés être très loin des souris et des lapins, je veux dire, c’est assez évident, nous n’avons pas de fourrure, tout ça… Hi, hi ! Nous avons donc examiné des embryons humains, avec toutes les précautions éthiques et autorisations possibles, juste dans le but de voir quand et comment se produit l’inactivation du X, et nous avons été encore plus surpris, parce que nous nous sommes aperçus que pour les humains, comme pour les lapins, les deux chromosomes X commencent à être inactivés, mais en fait beaucoup plus tard, et pour couronner le tout que l’unique chromosome X des embryons mâles semble aussi montrer les premiers signes de l’inactivation, mais qu’en fait il reste activé.</p>\n<p>Fondamentalement donc, en étudiant trois mammifères différents nous avons trouvé trois situations très différentes, même si à ces stades du développement les embryons ont l’air identique. Et je pense que cela nous a ouvert les yeux sur le fait que pour atteindre le même but, qui est d’arriver à une égale répartition entre mâles et femelles, il faut inactiver l’un des deux chromosomes X. Mais il y a de nombreuses manières d’y arriver. En fait l’évolution est beaucoup affaire de bricolage, selon la célèbre formule de François Jacob. 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center”,”_mask_position_tablet”:””,”_mask_position_mobile”:””,”_mask_position_x”:{“unit”:”%”,”size”:0,”sizes”:[]},”_mask_position_x_tablet”:{“unit”:”px”,”size”:””,”sizes”:[]},”_mask_position_x_mobile”:{“unit”:”px”,”size”:””,”sizes”:[]},”_mask_position_y”:{“unit”:”%”,”size”:0,”sizes”:[]},”_mask_position_y_tablet”:{“unit”:”px”,”size”:””,”sizes”:[]},”_mask_position_y_mobile”:{“unit”:”px”,”size”:””,”sizes”:[]},”_mask_repeat”:”no-repeat”,”_mask_repeat_tablet”:””,”_mask_repeat_mobile”:””,”hide_desktop”:””,”hide_tablet”:””,”hide_mobile”:””,”_attributes”:””,”custom_css”:””},”defaultEditSettings”:{“defaultEditRoute”:”content”},”elements”:[],”widgetType”:”text-editor”,”htmlCache”:””,”editSettings”:{“defaultEditRoute”:”content”,”panel”:{“activeTab”:”content”,”activeSection”:”section_editor”}}}]}à énéticienne, directrice de l’unité Génétique et biologie du développement à l’Institut Curie, titulaire de la chaire d’épigénétique au Collège de France, médaille d’or du CNRS et Grand prix de l’Inserm, Edith Heard traque avec son équipe les mille et une voies employées par la Nature pour déclencher l’inactivation précoce du chromosome X, un mécanisme indispensable au développement des embryons femelles chez les mammifères.

Tapuscrit (traduction)

Edith Heard – J’ai toujours été fascinée par la manière dont deux chromosomes de la même cellule peuvent avoir tant de différences dans leur comportement et leur expression. J’ai donc entrepris de travailler sur un processus appelé inactivation des chromosomes X, qui n’existe que chez les femelles, normalement ça n’existe pas chez les mâles, quand un des deux chromosomes X est désactivé, au début du développement. Cela conduit à un dosage égal de l’expression des gènes entre mâles et femelles, les mâles ont un seul X, les femelles en ont deux, pour que ce dosage soit équivalent il faut stopper l’un des deux X, c’est l’inactivation du chromosome X, on trouve cela chez différents mammifères, ainsi les humains, les souris, les lapins et éléphants femelles pratiquent l’inactivation du chromosome X. Le mécanisme de désactivation du chromosome X doit être conservé chez les mammifères, parce qu’il est essentiel, si vous n’avez pas cette inactivation du X, vous êtes mort ! Pour les femelles…

Et depuis de nombreuses années nous nous demandions comment fonctionnait ce processus : vous avez deux chromosomes dans la même soupe de protéines et d’ARN, pourquoi sont-ils traités si différemment, l’un est « on », l’autre est « off » ! Comment est-ce que ça se passe, comment la cellule sait-elle qu’elle a deux chromosomes et qu’il faut en arrêter un ? Comment en arrêter un et garder l’autre en « on » ? Et ce fut ma quête du Graal depuis vingt-six ou vingt-sept ans. Nous avons commencé à travailler sur les souris, pour comprendre le processus, parce qu’en embryologie et en génétique les souris sont un bon modèle, et nous nous sommes aperçus que ce processus était très dynamique dans la phase initiale du développement. Et alors nous nous sommes dit, bon, allons voir un autre mammifère, pour savoir si ça passe de la même manière ou différemment. Nous avons donc cherché chez les lapins, et bon, les lapins et les souris sont censés être assez semblables, assez proches au niveau de l’évolution, et nous nous aperçûmes que chez les lapins il en allait tout autrement. Chez les lapins, les chromosomes X sont d’abord inactivés tous les deux, puis il semble que l’un des deux revienne en « on », alors que chez les souris il ne s’agit que d’inactiver l’un des deux X. Et alors nous avons pensé, bon, ça vaut peut-être mieux d’étudier un autre mammifère, donc nous nous sommes tournés vers les humains ! Et les humains sont censés être très loin des souris et des lapins, je veux dire, c’est assez évident, nous n’avons pas de fourrure, tout ça… Hi, hi ! Nous avons donc examiné des embryons humains, avec toutes les précautions éthiques et autorisations possibles, juste dans le but de voir quand et comment se produit l’inactivation du X, et nous avons été encore plus surpris, parce que nous nous sommes aperçus que pour les humains, comme pour les lapins, les deux chromosomes X commencent à être inactivés, mais en fait beaucoup plus tard, et pour couronner le tout que l’unique chromosome X des embryons mâles semble aussi montrer les premiers signes de l’inactivation, mais qu’en fait il reste activé.

Fondamentalement donc, en étudiant trois mammifères différents nous avons trouvé trois situations très différentes, même si à ces stades du développement les embryons ont l’air identique. Et je pense que cela nous a ouvert les yeux sur le fait que pour atteindre le même but, qui est d’arriver à une égale répartition entre mâles et femelles, il faut inactiver l’un des deux chromosomes X. Mais il y a de nombreuses manières d’y arriver. En fait l’évolution est beaucoup affaire de bricolage, selon la célèbre formule de François Jacob. Vous avez le même ensemble d’outils, mais en les agençant différemment, vous finissez par arriver à quelque chose qui marche !

03 min 52 sec